William Wordsworth Essay Example

William Wordsworth Paper William Wordsworth was born in Cumberland. Wordsworth entered Cambridge University in 1787, the year he completed his first significant poem. Wordsworth is considered to be the most important English romantic poet. Wordsworth has also been praised for his descriptions of nature. But he traditionally claimed that his primary interest was The Mind Of Man. His finest poems include Michael, the Lucy lyrics, The Solitary Reaper, and Resolution and Independence, dramatize how imagination creates spiritual values out of memory of sights and sounds of nature. Seamus Heaney is an Irish Poet, educated at St. Columb`s College, Derry, and Queens University Belfast. In the 1960`s he belonged to a group of poets in Belfast, who, he said, Used to talk poetry day after day with an intensity and prejudice that cannot but have left a mark on all of us. After lecturing on poetry at Queens for six years he moved in to the Republic Of Ireland, living first in Co. Wicklow and then in Dublin. The first poem which we looked at was William Wordsworth`s Nutting. The title of this poem is extremely vague and it does not tell us nothing about the poem itself. As I begin to read the poem we see that it is reflecting on a memory, It seems a day. It is a memory of his childhood days and this thought holds an eternal place in his heart and mind. We will write a custom essay sample on William Wordsworth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on William Wordsworth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on William Wordsworth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Reading on we feel that the mood is going to change and he starts to examine his appearance. He is proud of the way he is dressed and what he is doing. He is reminiscing his childhood of when he goes out and collects nuts and discovers that he annihilates the whole vicinity. He is saddened that he has destroyed Dearest Maiden (mother nature) and he leaves the scene distraught and doesnt want the sky to intrude on what he has done. The second poem which we looked at was Blackberry Picking by Seamus Heany. The title proposes to us that it is Summer time and he is setting off on an adventure in late August. It begins with, Late August, given heavy rain and Sun, which is essential for blackberry growth. The blackberries would ripen which suggests new life and great trepidation because he is taking his time. The blackberries are as Hard as a knot. This is used as a simile so that we know that we are implicated. Throughout the poem various senses are used creating a real-life feeling and experience, Until the tinkling bottom has been covered, The juice was stinking too. We see the different stages blackberries go through. We are told of them once they are in their prime, when they are nice and ripe, For a full week the blackberries would ripen. We are told how fine the blackberries are but once we reach the closing stages we get a feeling that something dire is going to happen. Everything seemed to be going wrong when they said, The juice was stinking too and The sweet flesh would turn sour. This is when the blackberries are destroyed by the fungus because they are of the byre. In conclusion both of these poems are of recollection of the authors childhood memories. Wordsworth describes his poetry as Emotion recollected in tranquillity as an older man he recollects his journey as a young boy. Seamus Heany on the other hand has a different outlook of his life now than when he was as a child. He was disappointed and his human emotions really personalises the poem towards the readers. In my opinion I feel that Seamus Heanys Blackberry Picking was much more convincing than William Wordsworths Nutting because Seamus Heany uses different senses which makes the poem seem more real-life and much more pleasant to recite.

Quotes to Help You Say I Love You

Quotes to Help You Say 'I Love You' You can be romantic when you profess your love, you can be poetic, and you can be cute. But what is the best way to do what should be the easiest thing: to express your love simply and directly, other than most basic approach: I love you? Here are some quotes attempting to find that simplicity. Its difficult to be sure who wrote some of them, but the thought is whats important, not the pedigree. Its always best to put your declaration of love in your own words, but maybe one of these will work for you, or maybe they will inspire you to come up with your own combination of words. As Plato probably said, â€Å"At the touch of love everyone becomes a poet.† Leo Christopher, The Wisest Man on Instagram â€Å"I swear I couldn’t love you more than I do right now, and yet I know I will tomorrow.† Roy Croft, American poet (possibly a pseudonym) â€Å"I love you not only for what you are, but for what I am when I am with you.† Emily Bronte, English novelist and poet â€Å"If raindrops were kisses, I’d send you showers. If hugs were seas, I’d send you oceans. And if love was a person I’d send you me.† Atticus, Greek or Roman philosopher I will never be perfect for you, but I will always imperfectly try to be.† R.M. Drake (Robert Macias), self-published poet â€Å"It was the way you laughed; I knew I wanted that in my life.† Anais Nin, French author You carry away with you a reflection of me, a part of me. I dreamed you; I wished for your existence. You will always be a part of my life. If I love you, it must be because we shared, at some moment, the same imaginings, the same madness, the same stage. Franz Kafka, Austro-Hungarian writer â€Å"I know of no greater happiness than to be with you all the time, without interruption, without end.† A.A. Milne, British author, created Winnie-the-Pooh â€Å"If you live to be a hundred, I want to live to be a hundred minus one day so I never have to live without you.† J.R.R. Tolkien, British author â€Å"I would rather spend one lifetime with you, than face all the ages of this world alone.† Charlotte Brontà «, English novelist, Jane Eyre I have for the first time found what I can truly love- I have found you. You are my sympathy- my better self- my good angel- I am bound to you with a strong attachment. I think you good, gifted, lovely: a fervent, a solemn passion is conceived in my heart; it leans to you, draws you to my centre and spring of life, wrap my existence about you- and, kindling in pure, powerful flame, fuses  you and me  in one. Honore de Balzac, French novelist and playwright â€Å"Tonight I can only say that I love you too well for my peace of mind, and that absence from you is death to me.† Hermann Hesse, German novelist and poet f I know what love is, it is because of you.† Angelita Lim, probably a poet I saw that you were perfect, and so I loved you. Then I saw that you were not perfect and I loved you even more.   Nicholas Sparks, American romance novelist and screenwriter You are the answer to every prayer I’ve offered.  You are a song, a dream, a whisper, and I don’t know how I could have lived without you for as long as I have. Anonymous When I follow my heart, it leads me to you.

PROGRAMMING AND CULTURE IN ARCHITECTURE WAY Assignment

PROGRAMMING AND CULTURE IN ARCHITECTURE WAY - Assignment Example On a further note, the other major functionalities of the site include possessing a small grocery store in the restaurant wherein the customers can find traditional Guatemalan foods and setting the environment of the place with beautiful paintings and marimba music. Considering the major functions that have been previously discussed, the element concerning the level of competition prevalent within the site is likely to be less important for Guatemalteca Bakery Restaurant. This can be judged based on the fact that the business of the restaurant focuses on providing superior quality of products and/or services related to various menus of foods as well as other add-on facilities to the customers that enabled towards sustaining its operations efficiently (Pearson South Africa 78). In addition, the element concerning the pricing of the competitors is deemed to be less important for the restaurant. Justifiably, it can be affirmed that the business deals with various services that include sprawling space food, bakery section and grocery store as well as dining area that are likely to grow the attractiveness of the site, without imposing much level of impact on the pricing decisions of the

Business planing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Business planing - Assignment Example Our products will be of high quality and our services will be exceptional (Tuver, 2009). Zaet mobile home accessory and gift shop aim at creating a personalized home environment. Our services and products will be located in the City of San Diego as we look forward to extending it to the other parts of the state (CANN, 2012). Our stores will be in various part of the city, and we shall have a twenty-four hours customer service in place. The city of San Diego will be our target market. As per the population study that was conducted in the year 2014, the city’s population was estimated at 3,368,650 people with 58.9% being white, 45.1 % non-Hispanic, 6.7 % black and African-American. 28.8% Latino whereas the Asian population was represented by 15.9 %. The San Diego’s urban area has a total population of 3,095,313 making it the third largest city in the state of California (Simons, 2011). The high population will provide a ready market for our products. Our business will target more middle-class and upper-class consumers who focus beyond the national gift chain stores as well as home accessory for that expression of style and individual personality. I believe that our unique products, quality, and unparallel customer service, as well as values, will complement the experience of our clients. Through our online services, we expect to target more and more customers in the city as well as other parts of Calif ornia. The firm expects to register comfortable total revenue at the end of the first year, Followed by the development of marketing plans in the second year as well as creation of E-commerce and extension of our business to other parts of the city by the end of the third year (Sarr, 2009). The 2013 census report indicated that there was an increase in the number of household. San Diego has over a million families according to the survey that was conducted in the year 2013. The city has recorded a poverty level of below ten percent as well as median

Infection control in the hospital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Infection control in the hospital - Essay Example In this regard, the nursing professionalism as designated by Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) codes of conduct will be referred to with reference to the theoretical underpinning of adult nursing care delivery. The objective of this assignment would thus be recognition of the parameters of healthcare environment and the factors associated with it, which may influence safe healthcare delivery by the nurses to the intended population. The National Health Service (NHS) was expected to provide universal healthcare of identical standards throughout the UK. It was supposed to be comprehensive such that it would cover all health needs of the population. The third principle was to make it free at the point of delivery, so that it is available based on needs to all citizens equally, not on the ability to pay. The system works through a participatory structure involving conjoint work of the Local Health Board and Local Health Authority including Community Health Council and other private or voluntary organisations (Goldie and Sheffield, 2001). Since the NHS activities are sum total of national and local policies, it would be worthwhile to examine which policies may influence the health and social care in adult nursing (Department of Health, 2003). These include Misuse of drugs (Act 1971); infection control, food hygiene, health and safety work (Act 1974); moving, handling, and protection of vulnerable adult and public health disease control (Act 1984); disability discrimination act (Act 1995); data protection act (Act 1998); and over all, the policies in relation to standards of care (Hewitt-Taylor, 2003). The National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) is a vehicle of production and dissemination of evidence-based practice guidelines in order to influence the practice of the healthcare professionals including nurses. NICE provides technical and operational criteria of treatment practices and guidelines for promotion of

Timber Frame Construction Trends in Irelands Housing

Timber Frame Construction Trends in Irelands Housing Introduction Modern construction comes in many forms, from traditional masonry, to precast concrete, to steel, and in recent times timber frame construction. Timber frame and masonry construction are very similar looking buildings. Over the last thirty years in Ireland the main type used in domestic dwelling was masonry construction which consists of block inner leaf, cavity, insulation and a block outer leaf, externally finished normally with a brick or plaster rendered block. Over the last twelve years timber frame construction has grown to account for nearly forty percent of the market. Timber frame construction consists of an off site engineered building which arrives to site and the pieces are assembled to complete the unit. The external finish is similarly to masonry with brick or plaster rendered block. The reason for chosen this topic is to find why this change occurred. The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the Irish housing market over the last number of years, also to find out the reasons for timber frame construction becoming more popular. Aim To find out why the trend of building domestic housing in Ireland has changed from masonry construction to timber frame construction. Objectives To investigate the Irish housing market and find reasons for the trend change from masonry construction to timber frame construction. To examine the reasons why timber frame construction has grown to the level it has over masonry construction. To examine the views of homeowners and property developers towards timber frame construction. Literature Review The primary data will be sourced from RGU database, Internet sites, RGU books and journals. Relevant Irish government reports and websites will also be looked at to gain an unbiased view. Also the views of the construction agencies in Ireland will be explored. Research and methodology The author plans on doing a comparison of the two construction types in order to achieve reasons for the shift in trend. The brief comparison case studies will include cost, time, heat and energy of both types of construction. Questionnaires Questionnaires provided the primary research for this dissertation. The author shall do up one and give it out to relevant homeowners and property developers to gain an insight into their views. By doing this the author will find out the market potential of timber frame construction. Structure of Dissertation Chapter One This chapter explains the title of the dissertation, introduces the motivations and gives a background for the reasons for choosing this topic. The author explains to the reader the aim and objectives of the dissertation and how they are going to be achieved. Chapter Two The literature review will investigate in trend in Irish construction. Current construction agencies reports will be looked to try and gain an insight to the change in trend. The author feels that this will achieve the first objection of this dissertation. Chapter Three This chapter will investigate the two building options with regard to cost, time, heat and energy. This will be done by a number of interviews and case studies. Areas looked at will be construction cost and life cycle costs. Also will include a case study of both types of construction where U-Values and Building Energy Rating will be achieved and assessed to gain an insight into why the trend shifted. The author feels that this will achieve the second objection of this dissertation. Chapter Four This chapter the opinions and views of homeowners and property developers towards timber frame construction and masonry construction are explored by means of a questionnaire. The author feels this will achieve the third objection of the dissertation. Chapter Five In this finally chapter the conclusion provides a brief summary of the finding of the preceding chapters. Literature Review Background Over 70% of home in the developed world are timber frame homes. 60% of Scottish new dwelling are timber frame and over all in the United Kingdom timber frame accounts for 15% of new homes. Ireland is slowly following our neighbours. Over the last ten year Ireland had been experiencing a construction boom. Housing units been completed in 2000 being 49,812 units growing to 62,686 in 2003, peaking in 2006 with 82,980 unit completed. After 2006 the housing market in Ireland started to fall, numbers of units being built in 2007 being 71,356 continuing to fall in 2008 as 48,151 units and continuing to fall in 2009. (Central Statistics Office Ireland 2008) Many housing estates and apartment blocks had been popping up in every city, town and village mainly around the computer belt around the capital city of Ireland Dublin. Then slowly the rest of the country following. In 1992 timber frame construction account for only 5% of the new dwelling market. Since then it has grown to enormous levels to account for 30% of total housing construction nationally (Construction Industry Federation 2009). Typical these building were constructed by masonry construction, this consisted of a 300mm cavity wall with block inner leaf, insulation, cavity and a brick/block outer leaf finished with a plaster render. Over the last seventeen years timber frame construction has shown steady growth. Timber frame construction consists of an off site engineered building which arrives to site and the pieces are assembled to complete the unit. The external finish is similarly to masonry with brick or plaster rendered block. Some industry experts predict that by 2012 it will account for 50% of the new dwelling market. The timber frame industry in Ireland has shown strength and resilience, despite these difficult economic times. When the upturn comes, timber frame construction will be presented with numerous opportunities. (Maurice Buckley, CEO, NSAI National Standards Authority of Ireland.) Reasons for this happening? Energy In Ireland over the last number of years there has been a turn in attitude regarding the environment, which has in some part resulted in changes been implemented by the construction industry with regard to energy conservation. The main topic that has come to the fore on an Irish domestic level is the conservation of fuel and energy consumption. The construction industry has been identified as a considerable part of the national energy bill. Attitudes of developers and homeowner are changing to environmentally friendly buildings. Due to this timber frame construction has seen a steady growth. Timber frame is renewable building option, for every tree cut down two more are planted. The cost of turning the raw product into a building material is conceivably less than traditional methods. Timber is the only sustainable renewable commercially viable building material. The production of concrete produces vast amounts of Carbon Dioxide (C02), which has a negative impact on the environment and contributes significantly to global warming. (Irish Timber Frame Manufacturing Association 2009) Speed As the construction boom grow so did the need for housing and more importantly fast housing. One of the main factors for this turn towards timber frame is speed of construction. The frame of the building can be erected in a number of days which compared to typical masonry building is incredibly faster. This is due to the timber frame been constructed off site in a factory and delivered to site as a planned process of assembly. Masonry on the other hand takes a number of weeks to reach roof level where as timber frame is erected in a number of days. Even in wet weather work can still continue as a scaffolding system is in place around the foundation, where as blocks for masonry construction can only be laid in dry weather. Also with timber frame construction the building is weather proof much faster so internal works can begin much quicker. Also a lot of the slower work for plumbers and electricians such as first fixing is much easily done in a timber frame house. Timber frame has 30% shorter, more predictable construction time than brick and block (UK Timber Frame Association 2009). In masonry construction the use of wet trades in the build causes extra time needed for drying out. Because timber frame is a dry form of construction there is no drying out time which is a saving of a number of weeks. Also because of this there is less lightly a risk of cracking appearing on walls and ceilings for shrinking which can occur in masonry frequently. Cost The cost of a timber frame house is similar to masonry built. Unlike masonry, costs of a timber frame build can be fixed long before the foundations are poured. This is due to most timber frame suppliers also fix the structure. So a fix price for a fixed solution. No rain days for wet trades or no additional costs. This ensures that the additional expenses that spiral as a building progress can be eliminated. (Irish Timber Frame Manufacturing Association 2009). The number of persons need to fix the structure is lower than a masonry build, also with regard to time, time is money so the faster the build the cheaper for the developer and homebuilder. Also the hand over time for a complete dwelling is must faster so this will benefit developers cash flow and profitability. Due to the speed of construction on site security cost or greatly reduced. Flexibility of Layout Because timber frames internal walls being construction out of light weigh partition walls the internal space of a timber frame build is very flexible. Any mistakes in layout of internal walls is easily rectified, where as masonry internal wall would be particularly more difficult to correct. Case Studies Introduction To get real reasons for the trend mover towards timber frame construction and to get a true indication of the cost difference in both timber frame and traditional masonry domestic construction the author looked at two key areas, construction costs and life cycle costs. In relation to construction costs the areas of preliminary costs; plant and equipment costs and site labour costs are looked at in greater detail. Construction Costs Preliminary Costs Every construction project incurs preliminary costs. Preliminary costs are defined as, Costs which are directly involved with the overall completion of a construction project ( Roy Chudley 2002) These costs include items such as site management, insurance for the project, drivers and operatives. On larger sites where site cabins, offices, storerooms, toilets and canteens are required the costs incurred are also referred to as preliminary costs. For each project there is an allowance set aside for preliminary costs. However in relation to timber frame construction these costs are included in the overall timber frame package. This is a result of the majority of the work required for timber frame construction being carried out off site, which in turn makes the budget costs a lot cheaper than traditional masonry. Derek Moore a director with Timberline building contractors Ltd Dublin states, by pre-manufacturing the timber frame off-site, houses are constructed more cost effectively. (Pick a Pro 2009) To back up this point the Irish Timber frame manufactures association states this method of construction is not cheaper particularly if the builder hasnt thought his practices through but because factory fabrication means much greater predictability, better controls and of course, a faster pace (Irish Timber Frame Manufacturing Association 2009). This is not the case for its traditional masonry counterpart as preliminary costs are required as a separate budget, this is due to the fact that all of the work required for traditional masonry is carried out on site. A majority of the preliminary budget for the traditional masonry method includes hire of plant and provision for skips and concrete silos on site etc. Another factor to be taken into consideration is the time period taken to construct a timber frame house, which is significantly lower than that of traditional masonry counterpart. Costs such as site supervision and the need for engineers and the like on site are greatly reduced. Plant and Equipment Costs Plant and equipment costs should be taken in to consideration when dealing with construction costs. Every project requires certain types of equipment and plant to carry out work to a conclusion. According to Colm Kilroy a quantity surveyor with Michael Higgins and associates in Galway, plant and equipment costs are a major part of all construction projects, the utilization of such equipment is vital as a lot of money can be wasted due to bad management and planning on site. He continued to say if plant is required on site for a certain job it is vital that the site is ready for that equipment as once it arrives on site it has to be paid for. (Colm Kilroy 2009) The weather can also plays a part in plant and equipment costs, adverse weather conditions can lead to a lot of equipment being left idle while the cost for having it on the site is still being charged. Obviously the weather conditions cannot be controlled by the project team but in periods of forecasted inclement weather the ordering of plant and materials should be avoided if possible. Site Labour Costs This area of site labour costs greatly differs with both methods of construction. A lot of the factors in relation to cost for the timber frame method of construction are all inclusive of the over timber frame package, the majority of the work to be carried out by specialised labour is completed in the factory and once the timber frame unit leaves for the site their work is finished. This in turn reduces any call back costs, to complement this, the Irish timber frame manufactures association states that, There are lower call back costs; any problems encountered can be eliminated immediately by the timber frame specialists before leaving the factory. (Irish Timber Frame Manufacturing Association 2009) The cost for the labour to rectify these problems is still inclusive of the timber frame package. Traditional masonry construction is in comparison carried out differently with all the construction work associated with traditional masonry been carried out on site and with each individual trade requiring labour to carry out the work. Cost Case Study The author compiled a cost comparison from a construction contractors point of view for the development of a timber frame and masonry domestic dwelling. The house plans used to carry out this comparison were based on a single house within a development of five similar houses, only the major elements of the structures were included in the pricing. for the comparison were obtained from Barry Doyle a quantity surveyor with a Co Carlow company and John O Connell a construction contractor in Co Galway. The timber frame house is more expensive to construct than its masonry counterpart. There is a cost difference of approximately à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬9,000 between both methods to construct a single house taking the main structural elements in to consideration. For the development consisting of five houses where this house is located the total price difference in the construction of the five houses using both methods of construction can be up to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬45,000 to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬50,000. The following information shows the reasoning behind the price differences for the important elements of the construction. Timber frame kit This element looks to be very expensive but the majority of materials needed to complete the timber frame house including the labour needed for the construction are included. Concrete raft foundation The price of the raft foundation differs as there is less steel required in the raft for the timber frame house in comparison to the masonry built house, this leads to savings for both the labour and materials. Block work The difference in the price of the block work is due to the inner leaf and the internal walls of the timber frame house been constructed of timber. Roof The timber frame kit incorporates a majority of the roof in the over all package which leads is a massive price difference from the standard roof for the masonry dwelling. Insulation Due to the requirement for more insulation in the timber frame house there is a difference in price over its masonry counterpart. Slabbing As with the insulation due to the amount of timber stud internal partitions and timber inner leaf walls the timber frame dwelling requires more plaster board than the masonry method which increases both the amount of material and labour. Plastering The plastering element differs solely because of the reduced quantity of scratch coat required in the timber frame house. Carpentry The price difference in relation to carpentry is a result of a lot of the timber work coming pre fabricated as part of the timber frame kit, an example being the doors coming pre hung with ironmongery fitted and architrave already attached. Main contractors Profit The main contractors profit has been calculated on the standard percentage being 5%. Life Cycle Costs Introduction Life cycle costs are commonly interpreted as,The operating costs of buildings over the forecast useful life attributed to them (Bruceshaw 2009) These costs include initial capital costs, occupation costs and operating costs. In relation to the building industry and in particular to the traditional masonry and timber frame methods of construction, life cycle costs are essential in deciding which is the overall cost effective method of construction is. In this chapter the author discusses areas such as the running costs and other costs that are involved with both forms of construction. Design Differences and Alterations From an aesthetic point of view timber frame and traditional masonry constructed dwellings when constructed look very similar, however timber frame houses, Allow for more versatile designs than block built houses (Pick a Pro 2009) The question is once the house is constructed how easy is it to carry out modifications to the design. In relation to these alterations Kingspan Century state, Due to the fact the inner leaf of your timber frame house is constructed of solid wood and plasterboard, and not concrete blocks and plaster, extensions and alterations generally have significantly reduced impact on the existing building. (Kingspan Century 2007) To further this statement MBS Timber frame Ltd state, Because the interior of a timber frame house is made of wooden panels and plasterboard, alterations and extensions will not involve the mess and severe disruption of knocking down solid block walls, and all the other trials and tribulations that accompany this type of work. (MBC Timber Frame 2009) Alternatively the block work internal leaf of a masonry house has distinct advantages over is timber frame counterpart. Tasks such as fixing a shelf or curtain rail can be a tricky with the timber frame method, There is no problem doing this in a masonry build home as all the walls are capable of holding shelves, curtain rails etc. it would be a simple matter of drilling the holes in the correct place and screwing your shelf into place (Irish Concrete Federation 2009). In comparison, with a timber frame house, according to John Meehan a carpenter with a Co Galway Company, If you are installing a new kitchen or television unit, you may find that there are no grounds in the wall where you need a fixing. If in this situation if your fixing is put in place without finding a stud, the unit is sure to fall down under pressure. (David Treacy 2009) Property Market and Selling Value Influencing factors in relation to domestic construction include resale value and ease of sale. The traditional masonry constructed process has built up a reputation of been a good seller and a favourite with the Irish public, Galway auctioneer John Gilmore states, Block built houses are easier to sell as people generally go for the trusted method, a lot of people inquiring about timber frame houses are wary and are not easily convinced as to its benefits (Liam Gordon 2009). The view of an Irish timber frame company is that, Auctioneers and estate agents are generally of the opinion that not only is timber frame not an obstacle in selling a home, but on the contrary, is becoming more and more a major selling point. The energy efficiency of timber frame houses is becoming an increasingly valued characteristic. (Kingspan Century 2008) To reiterate this, For mortgage purposes and insurance, most lenders and insurers rank timber frame equally with block work. As far as resale value is concerned, there appears to be no difference at all between the two systems. However some individuals have their own preferences, built up from their own experience or things they have heard about either system. (Homebuilding and Renovating Magazine 2005) Running Costs The timber frame method of domestic construction encounters large savings over its traditional masonry counterpart. These savings result from the timber frame house having an allowance for insulation on both the external and internal walls; this differs considerably from the traditional masonry method where in most cases only the external walls contain insulation. Because timber frame structures are extremely well insulated and have less mass than more traditional forms of construction, significant savings can be made in heating costs. (Homebuilding and Renovating Magazine 2005) A leading Irish timber frame company states, Savings of between 30% and 40% on heating bills are fairly typical. (Devsan Timber Frame Homes 2009) In relation to further savings in the future with timber frame, It is estimated that the heating cost of a timber frame home can be 30% lower than that of a masonry dwelling, and the rapid rise in energy costs these costs look set to increase. Sunday Business Post Newspaper 2007) In conclusion the savings to be made with the timber frame method of domestic construction in relation to heating and energy use are extensive over its masonry counterpart. Time of Construction Introduction From a time to construct perspective the length of time it takes to build and finish both forms of construction differs. The construction of a traditional masonry dwelling has a longer time programme than its timber frame counterpart. The main factors contributing to the difference in construction times include. Programme of works The programme of works for both methods has a time difference of approximately seven weeks from foundation stage to decorating and moving in stage. Derek Moore of Timberline building contractors states, In terms of build speed, timber frame can deliver a significant 30% reduction on traditional construction times, which affect cash flow and reduces local disturbance. (Pick a Pro 2009) The view of another Irish timber frame supplier is the construction time of both methods of construction is even larger depending on the building, Construction time is cut by almost 40% as your timber frame structure is erected on site within days depending on size and complexity of building. (Clark Group 2008) Building Finishes During the stage whereby the timber frame unit is erected the internal first fixing work can commence. This work can proceed inside the house as the masonry skin is being built, in comparison no internal work can commence on the masonry house while the block work element is being constructed. The long drying out period associated with traditional masonry construction is also a disadvantage in comparison to the timber frame method. Apart from the obvious labour saving, timber frame doesnt need any drying-out time, unlike a standard masonry construction, which needs up to 1,500 gallons of water to evaporate before it is dry. (Sunday Tribune 2001) To reiterate this a leading Irish timber frame supplier states, Timber frame aids internal finishes, all walls are straight and plumb, corners are square and true. With timber frame there are less of the wet trades, plasterboard needs only to be skimmed and paint, decorative materials and floor coverings can be applied sooner to dried surfaces. (Castle Timber Frame Homes 2009) Heat Loss in Buildings Introduction For the purpose of this dissertation the author compared the U Value of the external walls of both a timber frame and masonry constructed dwelling, the author also decided to obtain the Building Energy Rating (BER) for both methods of construction so as to make an accurate comparison. Both the U Value calculation and the Building Energy Rating are based on the house plans. With the expertise of Michael Sweeney of Sweeney Energy the U Value and BER calculations were compiled and the results are as follows. U-Value Calculation A U-value is the term given to the measure of heat loss through sections of a building. It measures the rate that heat transmits through a component or structure when there is a difference in air temperature at both sides. U Values are expressed in Watts per metre Kelvin which is the rate of heat transfer in watts through 1m2 of the structure for one unit of temperature difference between the air on the two sides of the structure. (Roy Chudley 2002) U-Value Terms The following are terms associated with the calculation of the U-Value. Thermal Conductivity It is the measure of a materials ability to transmit heat and is expressed as the energy flow in watts per square metre of surface area. (Roy Chudley 2002) Thermal Resistance This is symbolized by the letter R, as representative of a materials thermal resistance achieved by dividing its thickness in metres by its thermal conductivity. (Roy Chudley 2002) Timber Frame U-Value Calculation The above calculations show that a traditional masonry external cavity wall has a U-Value of 0.35 W/m2K in comparison to the timber frame outer wall, which has a U-Value of 0.25 W/m2K. The findings for this particular calculation show that the timber frame domestic construction has a better U-Value than its masonry constructed counterpart. Building Energy Rating (BER) Calculation The author decided to compare the Building Energy Rating of both methods of construction. To achieve this the author availed of the expertise of a qualified BAR assessor who calculated both BER values using the same house plans as used for the U Value Calculations. For the purpose of the reader the author explains some of the terms associated in the Building energy rating procedure. Building Energy Rating Terms The procedure is based on calculating the energy balance for a dwelling, this is the energy required by the dwelling plus any losses, then less the energy gains this is equal to the energy delivered in to the dwelling (Cheveron Training 2009) Delivered Energy, expressed as kWh/year. This corresponds to the energy consumption that would normally appear on the energy bills of the dwelling for the assumed standardisation occupancy and end users considered. (Cheveron Training 2009) Primary Energy, expressed as kWh/year. This includes delivered energy, plus an allowance for energy overhead incurred in extracting, processing and transporting a fuel or other energy carrier to the dwelling. For example, in the case of electricity it takes account of generation efficiency at power stations. (Cheveron Training 2009) The results show that both timber frame and traditional masonry domestic construction have an energy rating of B2 for this house. The B2 rating is acceptable for a building, which incorporates a natural ventilation design. The primary energy value for the timber frame method of construction is lower than its masonry counterpart and indicates that the overhead incurred in extracting, processing and transporting of energy to the dwelling is lower for timber frame method. The comparison of the Co2 emissions results in the timber frame method having lower emissions output and as previously discussed the lower the Co2 emission the better it is for the environment. Finally the timber frame method had a lower delivered energy rating. This shows that the energy consumption on the energy bills of the dwelling are again lower than its masonry counterpart. Developers views regarding the change from masonry to timber frame: To achieve a true indication on the views of the construction industry in regard to both methods of construction and why the trend has moved towards timber frame it was necessary to obtain the views of developers who actually carry out the building works. As part of the author research, many construction agencies were contacted. Philip Mahoney of timber frame manufactures association was contacted and helped with the authors questions. Philip Mahoney of the Timber Frame Manufacturing Association said when asked why the trend has moved from masonry to timber frame. From a developers point of view speed of construction was very important, because a timber frame house can be up and roofed in a matter of days and ready for the follow on trades to move in. for the developer this was a great advantage as they were in and out much quicker and therefore turn cash over. Timber frame would have also have got popular with the self build sector because of the fact that a) quite an education process was carried out by the association and its members, b) the green card also began to come into play as well as timber frame is seen as environmentally friendly which the industry has been promoting. Tom McHugh, Director of Kilcloghans Ltd Galway who have been prominent traditional masonry builders for a number of years said in regards to ease of build we are masonry builders and we build timber frame, we find that it is especially simple to build the timber frame method he went on to say in relation to construction costs timber frame is as economical to build as traditional masonry regarding construction costs in relation to the downturn in the construction industry he stated yes the construction cost for both methods had dropped but both methods still work out in and around the same price. He also stated that they found the main advantages of timber frame to be a drier form of construction as well as the obvious advantages of speed to build and economical to run. From a selling point of view he found timber frame, easier for the reason that they are more economical in terms of energy use. Francis Geraghty Director of Frame to finish building contractors Co Galway stated in terms of ease of construction, the timber frame method depends largely on the type of house the client wants to build as well as the quality of site preparation before the timber frame building reaches the site. He sees the main advantages of the timber frame method for him are the U-Values that can be achieved and also the whole timber frame structure is up and ready for internal work in a matter of days. Colm Kilroy a Quantity S

PlayBall Essay -- Sports, Student Athetes

Issue: What degree of care will PlayBall owe participants, and how might PlayBall minimize liability for failing to reach that standard of care under Washington law? Brief Answer: The duty of care PlayBall will owe participants will depend on their status as student athletes, parents, volunteers, or spectators. It will be difficult for PlayBall to limit liability for negligence involving student athletes, who are minors. The liability to adult participants may be reduced if PlayBall obtains waivers releasing PlayBall from liability or if claimant assumes the risk. Statement of Facts: The client is a newly formed, non-profit corporation here in Washington. It is called PlayBall, Inc. It was established to provide high school students, who are either home-schooled or attend small private schools that do not have their own sports teams, with opportunities to play on teams and to compete in state-wide competitions with other high-school teams. It has not started operations yet. The business plan, at this point, is that PlayBall will recruit volunteer coaches and players for three sports -- football, baseball and soccer. The players must be between 13 and 18 years old and must not have access to these team sports at the school they attend, nor be eligible to join a team at another school. Players, or their families, will pay a modest fee to join a team. The fee is designed to offset PlayBall’s administrative costs in organizing teams, sponsoring league competitions, training coaches and providing equipment. PlayBall will not provide transportation. Parents will do that. PlayBall will not be using school property, but will have their games and practices in public parks and facilities. PlayBall will not be joining Washingto... ...ntiff is injured as a result of a risk inherent in the sport, the defendant has no duty and there is no negligence.† Taylor v. Baseball Club of Seattle, 130 P. 3d 835, 838 (Wash. Ct. App. 2006). As long as the risk is reasonably foreseeable, PB should be able to avoid a duty of care to spectators. Conclusion PB should use a combination of techniques to manage risks including waivers that warn of potential risks, parental indemnity clauses, and proper training for volunteers to ensure they meet the standard of care and shift risk where possible. These are generally cost-free methods that can reduce litigation costs by waiving the rights of one party to another for negligence claims. However, because waivers cannot bar a minor’s claim, and there is always a chance of human error, it is crucial that PB purchase insurance to cover the costs of potential liability. PlayBall Essay -- Sports, Student Athetes Issue: What degree of care will PlayBall owe participants, and how might PlayBall minimize liability for failing to reach that standard of care under Washington law? Brief Answer: The duty of care PlayBall will owe participants will depend on their status as student athletes, parents, volunteers, or spectators. It will be difficult for PlayBall to limit liability for negligence involving student athletes, who are minors. The liability to adult participants may be reduced if PlayBall obtains waivers releasing PlayBall from liability or if claimant assumes the risk. Statement of Facts: The client is a newly formed, non-profit corporation here in Washington. It is called PlayBall, Inc. It was established to provide high school students, who are either home-schooled or attend small private schools that do not have their own sports teams, with opportunities to play on teams and to compete in state-wide competitions with other high-school teams. It has not started operations yet. The business plan, at this point, is that PlayBall will recruit volunteer coaches and players for three sports -- football, baseball and soccer. The players must be between 13 and 18 years old and must not have access to these team sports at the school they attend, nor be eligible to join a team at another school. Players, or their families, will pay a modest fee to join a team. The fee is designed to offset PlayBall’s administrative costs in organizing teams, sponsoring league competitions, training coaches and providing equipment. PlayBall will not provide transportation. Parents will do that. PlayBall will not be using school property, but will have their games and practices in public parks and facilities. PlayBall will not be joining Washingto... ...ntiff is injured as a result of a risk inherent in the sport, the defendant has no duty and there is no negligence.† Taylor v. Baseball Club of Seattle, 130 P. 3d 835, 838 (Wash. Ct. App. 2006). As long as the risk is reasonably foreseeable, PB should be able to avoid a duty of care to spectators. Conclusion PB should use a combination of techniques to manage risks including waivers that warn of potential risks, parental indemnity clauses, and proper training for volunteers to ensure they meet the standard of care and shift risk where possible. These are generally cost-free methods that can reduce litigation costs by waiving the rights of one party to another for negligence claims. However, because waivers cannot bar a minor’s claim, and there is always a chance of human error, it is crucial that PB purchase insurance to cover the costs of potential liability.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Sixty-four

Daenerys The flies circled Khal Drogo slowly, their wings buzzing, a low thrum at the edge of hearing that filled Dany with dread. The sun was high and pitiless. Heat shimmered in waves off the stony outcrops of low hills. A thin finger of sweat trickled slowly between Dany's swollen breasts. The only sounds were the steady clop of their horses' hooves, the rhythmic tingle of the bells in Drogo's hair, and the distant voices behind them. Dany watched the flies. They were as large as bees, gross, purplish, glistening. The Dothraki called them bloodflies. They lived in marshes and stagnant pools, sucked blood from man and horse alike, and laid their eggs in the dead and dying. Drogo hated them. Whenever one came near him, his hand would shoot out quick as a striking snake to close around it. She had never seen him miss. He would hold the fly inside his huge fist long enough to hear its frantic buzzing. Then his fingers would tighten, and when he opened his hand again, the fly would be only a red smear on his palm. Now one crept across the rump of his stallion, and the horse gave an angry flick of its tail to brush it away. The others flitted about Drogo, closer and closer. The khal did not react. His eyes were fixed on distant brown hills, the reins loose in his hands. Beneath his painted vest, a plaster of fig leaves and caked blue mud covered the wound on his breast. The herbwomen had made it for him. Mirri Maz Duur's poultice had itched and burned, and he had torn it off six days ago, cursing her for a maegi. The mud plaster was more soothing, and the herbwomen made him poppy wine as well. He'd been drinking it heavily these past three days; when it was not poppy wine, it was fermented mare's milk or pepper beer. Yet he scarcely touched his food, and he thrashed and groaned in the night. Dany could see how drawn his face had become. Rhaego was restless in her belly, kicking like a stallion, yet even that did not stir Drogo's interest as it had. Every morning her eyes found fresh lines of pain on his face when he woke from his troubled sleep. And now this silence. It was making her afraid. Since they had mounted up at dawn, he had said not a word. When she spoke, she got no answer but a grunt, and not even that much since midday. One of the bloodflies landed on the bare skin of the khal's shoulder. Another, circling, touched down on his neck and crept up toward his mouth. Khal Drogo swayed in the saddle, bells ringing, as his stallion kept onward at a steady walking pace. Dany pressed her heels into her silver and rode closer. â€Å"My lord,† she said softly. â€Å"Drogo. My sun-and-stars.† He did not seem to hear. The bloodfly crawled up under his drooping mustache and settled on his cheek, in the crease beside his nose. Dany gasped, â€Å"Drogo.† Clumsily she reached over and touched his arm. Khal Drogo reeled in the saddle, tilted slowly, and fell heavily from his horse. The flies scattered for a heartbeat, and then circled back to settle on him where he lay. â€Å"No,† Dany said, reining up. Heedless of her belly for once, she scrambled off her silver and ran to him. The grass beneath him was brown and dry. Drogo cried out in pain as Dany knelt beside him. His breath rattled harshly in his throat, and he looked at her without recognition. â€Å"My horse,† he gasped. Dany brushed the flies off his chest, smashing one as he would have. His skin burned beneath her fingers. The khal's bloodriders had been following just behind them. She heard Haggo shout as they galloped up. Cohollo vaulted from his horse. â€Å"Blood of my blood,† he said as he dropped to his knees. The other two kept to their mounts. â€Å"No,† Khal Drogo groaned, struggling in Dany's arms. â€Å"Must ride. Ride. No.† â€Å"He fell from his horse,† Haggo said, staring down. His broad face was impassive, but his voice was leaden. â€Å"You must not say that,† Dany told him. â€Å"We have ridden far enough today. We will camp here.† â€Å"Here?† Haggo looked around them. The land was brown and sere, inhospitable. â€Å"This is no camping ground.† â€Å"It is not for a woman to bid us halt,† said Qotho, â€Å"not even a khaleesi.† â€Å"We camp here,† Dany repeated. â€Å"Haggo, tell them Khal Drogo commanded the halt. If any ask why, say to them that my time is near and I could not continue. Cohollo, bring up the slaves, they must put up the khal's tent at once. Qotho—† â€Å"You do not command me, Khaleesi,† Qotho said. â€Å"Find Mirri Maz Duur,† she told him. The godswife would be walking among the other Lamb Men, in the long column of slaves. â€Å"Bring her to me, with her chest.† Qotho glared down at her, his eyes hard as flint. â€Å"The maegi.† He spat. â€Å"This I will not do.† â€Å"You will,† Dany said, â€Å"or when Drogo wakes, he will hear why you defied me.† Furious, Qotho wheeled his stallion around and galloped off in anger . . . but Dany knew he would return with Mirri Maz Duur, however little he might like it. The slaves erected Khal Drogo's tent beneath a jagged outcrop of black rock whose shadow gave some relief from the heat of the afternoon sun. Even so, it was stifling under the sandsilk as Irri and Doreah helped Dany walk Drogo inside. Thick patterned carpets had been laid down over the ground, and pillows scattered in the corners. Eroeh, the timid girl Dany had rescued outside the mud walls of the Lamb Men, set up a brazier. They stretched Drogo out on a woven mat. â€Å"No,† he muttered in the Common Tongue. â€Å"No, no.† It was all he said, all he seemed capable of saying. Doreah unhooked his medallion belt and stripped off his vest and leggings, while Jhiqui knelt by his feet to undo the laces of his riding sandals. Irri wanted to leave the tent flaps open to let in the breeze, but Dany forbade it. She would not have any see Drogo this way, in delirium and weakness. When her khas came up, she posted them outside at guard. â€Å"Admit no one without my leave,† she told Jhogo. â€Å"No one.† Eroeh stared fearfully at Drogo where he lay. â€Å"He dies,† she whispered. Dany slapped her. â€Å"The khal cannot die. He is the father of the stallion who mounts the world. His hair has never been cut. He still wears the bells his father gave him.† â€Å"Khaleesi, † Jhiqui said, â€Å"he fell from his horse.† Trembling, her eyes full of sudden tears, Dany turned away from them. He fell from his horse! It was so, she had seen it, and the bloodriders, and no doubt her handmaids and the men of her khas as well. And how many more? They could not keep it secret, and Dany knew what that meant. A khal who could not ride could not rule, and Drogo had fallen from his horse. â€Å"We must bathe him,† she said stubbornly. She must not allow herself to despair. â€Å"Irri, have the tub brought at once. Doreah, Eroeh, find water, cool water, he's so hot.† He was a fire in human skin. The slaves set up the heavy copper tub in the corner of the tent. When Doreah brought the first jar of water, Dany wet a length of silk to lay across Drogo's brow, over the burning skin. His eyes looked at her, but he did not see. When his lips opened, no words escaped them, only a moan. â€Å"Where is Mirri Maz Duur?† she demanded, her patience rubbed raw with fear. â€Å"Qotho will find her,† Irri said. Her handmaids filled the tub with tepid water that stank of sulfur, sweetening it with jars of bitter oil and handfuls of crushed mint leaves. While the bath was being prepared, Dany knelt awkwardly beside her lord husband, her belly great with their child within. She undid his braid with anxious fingers, as she had on the night he'd taken her for the first time, beneath the stars. His bells she laid aside carefully, one by one. He would want them again when he was well, she told herself. A breath of air entered the tent as Aggo poked his head through the silk. â€Å"Khaleesi, † he said, â€Å"the Andal is come, and begs leave to enter.† â€Å"The Andal† was what the Dothraki called Ser Jorah. â€Å"Yes,† she said, rising clumsily, â€Å"send him in.† She trusted the knight. He would know what to do if anyone did. Ser Jorah Mormont ducked through the door flap and waited a moment for his eyes to adjust to the dimness. In the fierce heat of the south, he wore loose trousers of mottled sandsilk and open-toed riding sandals that laced up to his knee. His scabbard hung from a twisted horsehair belt. Under a bleached white vest, he was bare-chested, skin reddened by the sun. â€Å"Talk goes from mouth to ear, all over the khalasar,† he said. â€Å"It is said Khal Drogo fell from his horse.† â€Å"Help him,† Dany pleaded. â€Å"For the love you say you bear me, help him now.† The knight knelt beside her. He looked at Drogo long and hard, and then at Dany. â€Å"Send your maids away.† Wordlessly, her throat tight with fear, Dany made a gesture. Irri herded the other girls from the tent. When they were alone, Ser Jorah drew his dagger. Deftly, with a delicacy surprising in such a big man, he began to scrape away the black leaves and dried blue mud from Drogo's chest. The plaster had caked hard as the mud walls of the Lamb Men, and like those walls it cracked easily. Ser Jorah broke the dry mud with his knife, pried the chunks from the flesh, peeled off the leaves one by one. A foul, sweet smell rose from the wound, so thick it almost choked her. The leaves were crusted with blood and pus, Drogo's breast black and glistening with corruption. â€Å"No,† Dany whispered as tears ran down her cheeks. â€Å"No, please, gods hear me, no.† Khal Drogo thrashed, fighting some unseen enemy. Black blood ran slow and thick from his open wound. â€Å"Your khal is good as dead, Princess.† â€Å"No, he can't die, he mustn't, it was only a cut.† Dany took his large callused hand in her own small ones, and held it tight between them. â€Å"I will not let him die . . . â€Å" Ser Jorah gave a bitter laugh. â€Å"Khaleesi or queen, that command is beyond your power. Save your tears, child. Weep for him tomorrow, or a year from now. We do not have time for grief. We must go, and quickly, before he dies.† Dany was lost. â€Å"Go? Where should we go?† â€Å"Asshai, I would say. It lies far to the south, at the end of the known world, yet men say it is a great port. We will find a ship to take us back to Pentos. It will be a hard journey, make no mistake. Do you trust your khas? Will they come with us?† â€Å"Khal Drogo commanded them to keep me safe,† Dany replied uncertainly, â€Å"but if he dies . . . † She touched the swell of her belly. â€Å"I don't understand. Why should we flee? I am khaleesi. I carry Drogo's heir. He will be khal after Drogo . . . â€Å" Ser Jorah frowned. â€Å"Princess, hear me. The Dothraki will not follow a suckling babe. Drogo's strength was what they bowed to, and only that. When he is gone, Jhaqo and Pono and the other kos will fight for his place, and this khalasar will devour itself. The winner will want no more rivals. The boy will be taken from your breast the moment he is born. They will give him to the dogs . . . â€Å" Dany hugged herself. â€Å"But why?† she cried plaintively. â€Å"Why should they kill a little baby?† â€Å"He is Drogo's son, and the crones say he will be the stallion who mounts the world. It was prophesied. Better to kill the child than to risk his fury when he grows to manhood.† The child kicked inside her, as if he had heard. Dany remembered the story Viserys had told her, of what the Usurper's dogs had done to Rhaegar's children. His son had been a babe as well, yet they had ripped him from his mother's breast and dashed his head against a wall. That was the way of men. â€Å"They must not hurt my son!† she cried. â€Å"I will order my khas to keep him safe, and Drogo's bloodriders will—† Ser Jorah held her by the shoulders. â€Å"A bloodrider dies with his khal. You know that, child. They will take you to Vaes Dothrak, to the crones, that is the last duty they owe him in life . . . when it is done, they will join Drogo in the night lands.† Dany did not want to go back to Vaes Dothrak and live the rest of her life among those terrible old women, yet she knew that the knight spoke the truth. Drogo had been more than her sun-and-stars; he had been the shield that kept her safe. â€Å"I will not leave him,† she said stubbornly, miserably. She took his hand again. â€Å"I will not.† A stirring at the tent flap made Dany turn her head. Mirri Maz Duur entered, bowing low. Days on the march, trailing behind the khalasar, had left her limping and haggard, with blistered and bleeding feet and hollows under her eyes. Behind her came Qotho and Haggo, carrying the godswife's chest between them. When the bloodriders caught sight of Drogo's wound, the chest slipped from Haggo's fingers and crashed to the floor of the tent, and Qotho swore an oath so foul it seared the air. Mirri Maz Duur studied Drogo, her face still and dead. â€Å"The wound has festered.† â€Å"This is your work, maegi,† Qotho said. Haggo laid his fist across Mirri's cheek with a meaty smack that drove her to the ground. Then he kicked her where she lay. â€Å"Stop it!† Dany screamed. Qotho pulled Haggo away, saying, â€Å"Kicks are too merciful for a maegi. Take her outside. We will stake her to the earth, to be the mount of every passing man. And when they are done with her, the dogs will use her as well. Weasels will tear out her entrails and carrion crows feast upon her eyes. The flies off the river shall lay their eggs in her womb and drink pus from the ruins of her breasts . . . † He dug iron-hard fingers into the soft, wobbly flesh under the godswife's arm and hauled her to her feet. â€Å"No,† Dany said. â€Å"I will not have her harmed.† Qotho's lips skinned back from his crooked brown teeth in a terrible mockery of a smile. â€Å"No? You say me no? Better you should pray that we do not stake you out beside your maegi. You did this, as much as the other.† Ser Jorah stepped between them, loosening his longsword in its scabbard. â€Å"Rein in your tongue, bloodrider. The princess is still your khaleesi. â€Å" â€Å"Only while the blood-of-my-blood still lives,† Qotho told the knight. â€Å"When he dies, she is nothing.† Dany felt a tightness inside her. â€Å"Before I was khaleesi, I was the blood of the dragon. Ser Jorah, summon my khas.† â€Å"No,† said Qotho. â€Å"We will go. For now . . . Khaleesi. † Haggo followed him from the tent, scowling. â€Å"That one means you no good, Princess,† Mormont said. â€Å"The Dothraki say a man and his bloodriders share one life, and Qotho sees it ending. A dead man is beyond fear.† â€Å"No one has died,† Dany said. â€Å"Ser Jorah, I may have need of your blade. Best go don your armor.† She was more frightened than she dared admit, even to herself. The knight bowed. â€Å"As you say.† He strode from the tent. Dany turned back to Mirri Maz Duur. The woman's eyes were wary. â€Å"So you have saved me once more.† â€Å"And now you must save him,† Dany said. â€Å"Please . . . â€Å" â€Å"You do not ask a slave,† Mirri replied sharply, â€Å"you tell her.† She went to Drogo burning on his mat, and gazed long at his wound. â€Å"Ask or tell, it makes no matter. He is beyond a healer's skills.† The khal's eyes were closed. She opened one with her fingers. â€Å"He has been dulling the hurt with milk of the poppy.† â€Å"Yes,† Dany admitted. â€Å"I made him a poultice of firepod and sting-me-not and bound it in a lambskin.† â€Å"It burned, he said. He tore it off. The herbwomen made him a new one, wet and soothing.† â€Å"It burned, yes. There is great healing magic in fire, even your hairless men know that.† â€Å"Make him another poultice,† Dany begged. â€Å"This time I will make certain he wears it.† â€Å"The time for that is past, my lady,† Mirri said. â€Å"All I can do now is ease the dark road before him, so he might ride painless to the night lands. He will be gone by morning.† Her words were a knife through Dany's breast. What had she ever done to make the gods so cruel? She had finally found a safe place, had finally tasted love and hope. She was finally going home. And now to lose it all . . . â€Å"No,† she pleaded. â€Å"Save him, and I will free you, I swear it. You must know a way . . . some magic, some . . . â€Å" Mirri Maz Duur sat back on her heels and studied Daenerys through eyes as black as night. â€Å"There is a spell.† Her voice was quiet, scarcely more than a whisper. â€Å"But it is hard, lady, and dark. Some would say that death is cleaner. I learned the way in Asshai, and paid dear for the lesson. My teacher was a bloodmage from the Shadow Lands.† Dany went cold all over. â€Å"Then you truly are a maegi . . . â€Å" â€Å"Am I?† Mirri Maz Duur smiled. â€Å"Only a maegi can save your rider now, Silver Lady.† â€Å"Is there no other way?† â€Å"No other.† Khal Drogo gave a shuddering gasp. â€Å"Do it,† Dany blurted. She must not be afraid; she was the blood of the dragon. â€Å"Save him.† â€Å"There is a price,† the godswife warned her. â€Å"You'll have gold, horses, whatever you like.† â€Å"It is not a matter of gold or horses. This is bloodmagic, lady. Only death may pay for life.† â€Å"Death?† Dany wrapped her arms around herself protectively, rocked back and forth on her heels. â€Å"My death?† She told herself she would die for him, if she must. She was the blood of the dragon, she would not be afraid. Her brother Rhaegar had died for the woman he loved. â€Å"No,† Mirri Maz Duur promised. â€Å"Not your death, Khaleesi.† Dany trembled with relief. â€Å"Do it.† The maegi nodded solemnly. â€Å"As you speak, so it shall be done. Call your servants.† Khal Drogo writhed feebly as Rakharo and Quaro lowered him into the bath. â€Å"No,† he muttered, â€Å"no. Must ride.† Once in the water, all the strength seemed to leak out of him. â€Å"Bring his horse,† Mirri Maz Duur commanded, and so it was done. Jhogo led the great red stallion into the tent. When the animal caught the scent of death, he screamed and reared, rolling his eyes. It took three men to subdue him. â€Å"What do you mean to do?† Dany asked her. â€Å"We need the blood,† Mirri answered. â€Å"That is the way.† Jhogo edged back, his hand on his arakh. He was a youth of sixteen years, whip-thin, fearless, quick to laugh, with the faint shadow of his first mustachio on his upper lip. He fell to his knees before her. â€Å"Khaleesi, † he pleaded, â€Å"you must not do this thing. Let me kill this maegi.† â€Å"Kill her and you kill your khal,† Dany said. â€Å"This is bloodmagic,† he said. â€Å"It is forbidden.† â€Å"I am khaleesi, and I say it is not forbidden. In Vaes Dothrak, Khal Drogo slew a stallion and I ate his heart, to give our son strength and courage. This is the same. The same.† The stallion kicked and reared as Rakharo, Quaro, and Aggo pulled him close to the tub where the khal floated like one already dead, pus and blood seeping from his wound to stain the bathwaters. Mirri Maz Duur chanted words in a tongue that Dany did not know, and a knife appeared in her hand. Dany never saw where it came from. It looked old; hammered red bronze, leaf-shaped, its blade covered with ancient glyphs. The maegi drew it across the stallion's throat, under the noble head, and the horse screamed and shuddered as the blood poured out of him in a red rush. He would have collapsed, but the men of her khas held him up. â€Å"Strength of the mount, go into the rider,† Mirri sang as horse blood swirled into the waters of Drogo's bath. â€Å"Strength of the beast, go into the man.† Jhogo looked terrified as he struggled with the stallion's weight, afraid to touch the dead flesh, yet afraid to let go as well. Only a horse, Dany thought. If she could buy Drogo's life with the death of a horse, she would pay a thousand times over. When they let the stallion fall, the bath was a dark red, and nothing showed of Drogo but his face. Mirri Maz Duur had no use for the carcass. â€Å"Burn it,† Dany told them. It was what they did, she knew. When a man died, his mount was killed and placed beneath him on the funeral pyre, to carry him to the night lands. The men of her khas dragged the carcass from the tent. The blood had gone everywhere. Even the sandsilk walls were spotted with red, and the rugs underfoot were black and wet. Braziers were lit. Mirri Maz Duur tossed a red powder onto the coals. It gave the smoke a spicy scent, a pleasant enough smell, yet Eroeh fled sobbing, and Dany was filled with fear. But she had gone too far to turn back now. She sent her handmaids away. â€Å"Go with them, Silver Lady,† Mirri Maz Duur told her. â€Å"I will stay,† Dany said. â€Å"The man took me under the stars and gave life to the child inside me. I will not leave him.† â€Å"You must. Once I begin to sing, no one must enter this tent. My song will wake powers old and dark. The dead will dance here this night. No living man must look on them.† Dany bowed her head, helpless. â€Å"No one will enter.† She bent over the tub, over Drogo in his bath of blood, and kissed him lightly on the brow. â€Å"Bring him back to me,† she whispered to Mirri Maz Duur before she fled. Outside, the sun was low on the horizon, the sky a bruised red. The khalasar had made camp. Tents and sleeping mats were scattered as far as the eye could see. A hot wind blew. Jhogo and Aggo were digging a firepit to burn the dead stallion. A crowd had gathered to stare at Dany with hard black eyes, their faces like masks of beaten copper. She saw Ser Jorah Mormont, wearing mail and leather now, sweat beading on his broad, balding forehead. He pushed his way through the Dothraki to Dany's side. When he saw the scarlet footprints her boots had left on the ground, the color seemed to drain from his face. â€Å"What have you done, you little fool?† he asked hoarsely. â€Å"I had to save him.† â€Å"We could have fled,† he said. â€Å"I would have seen you safe to Asshai, Princess. There was no need . . . â€Å" â€Å"Am I truly your princess?† she asked him. â€Å"You know you are, gods save us both.† â€Å"Then help me now.† Ser Jorah grimaced. â€Å"Would that I knew how.† Mirri Maz Duur's voice rose to a high, ululating wail that sent a shiver down Dany's back. Some of the Dothraki began to mutter and back away. The tent was aglow with the light of braziers within. Through the blood-spattered sandsilk, she glimpsed shadows moving. Mirri Maz Duur was dancing, and not alone. Dany saw naked fear on the faces of the Dothraki. â€Å"This must not be,† Qotho thundered. She had not seen the bloodrider return. Haggo and Cohollo were with him. They had brought the hairless men, the eunuchs who healed with knife and needle and fire. â€Å"This will be,† Dany replied. â€Å"Maegi, † Haggo growled. And old Cohollo—Cohollo who had bound his life to Drogo's on the day of his birth, Cohollo who had always been kind to her—Cohollo spat full in her face. â€Å"You will die, maegi,† Qotho promised, â€Å"but the other must die first.† He drew his arakh and made for the tent. â€Å"No,† she shouted, â€Å"you mustn't.† She caught him by the shoulder, but Qotho shoved her aside. Dany fell to her knees, crossing her arms over her belly to protect the child within. â€Å"Stop him,† she commanded her khas, â€Å"kill him.† Rakharo and Quaro stood beside the tent flap. Quaro took a step forward, reaching for the handle of his whip, but Qotho spun graceful as a dancer, the curved arakh rising. It caught Quaro low under the arm, the bright sharp steel biting up through leather and skin, through muscle and rib bone. Blood fountained as the young rider reeled backward, gasping. Qotho wrenched the blade free. â€Å"Horselord,† Ser Jorah Mormont called. â€Å"Try me.† His longsword slid from its scabbard. Qotho whirled, cursing. The arakh moved so fast that Quaro's blood flew from it in a fine spray, like rain in a hot wind. The longsword caught it a foot from Ser Jorah's face, and held it quivering for an instant as Qotho howled in fury. The knight was clad in chainmail, with gauntlets and greaves of lobstered steel and a heavy gorget around his throat, but he had not thought to don his helm. Qotho danced backward, arakh whirling around his head in a shining blur, flickering out like lightning as the knight came on in a rush. Ser Jorah parried as best he could, but the slashes came so fast that it seemed to Dany that Qotho had four arakhs and as many arms. She heard the crunch of sword on mail, saw sparks fly as the long curved blade glanced off a gauntlet. Suddenly it was Mormont stumbling backward, and Qotho leaping to the attack. The left side of the knight's face ran red with blood, and a cut to the hip opened a gash in his mail and left him limping. Qotho screamed taunts at him, calling him a craven, a milk man, a eunuch in an iron suit. â€Å"You die now!† he promised, arakh shivering through the red twilight. Inside Dany's womb, her son kicked wildly. The curved blade slipped past the straight one and bit deep into the knight's hip where the mail gaped open. Mormont grunted, stumbled. Dany felt a sharp pain in her belly, a wetness on her thighs. Qotho shrieked triumph, but his arakh had found bone, and for half a heartbeat it caught. It was enough. Ser Jorah brought his longsword down with all the strength left him, through flesh and muscle and bone, and Qotho's forearm dangled loose, flopping on a thin cord of skin and sinew. The knight's next cut was at the Dothraki's ear, so savage that Qotho's face seemed almost to explode. The Dothraki were shouting, Mirri Maz Duur wailing inside the tent like nothing human, Quaro pleading for water as he died. Dany cried out for help, but no one heard. Rakharo was fighting Haggo, arakh dancing with arakh until Jhogo's whip cracked, loud as thunder, the lash coiling around Haggo's throat. A yank, and the bloodrider stumbled backward, losing his feet and his sword. Rakharo sprang forward, howling, swinging his arakh down with both hands through the top of Haggo's head. The point caught between his eyes, red and quivering. Someone threw a stone, and when Dany looked, her shoulder was torn and bloody. â€Å"No,† she wept, â€Å"no, please, stop it, it's too high, the price is too high.† More stones came flying. She tried to crawl toward the tent, but Cohollo caught her. Fingers in her hair, he pulled her head back and she felt the cold touch of his knife at her throat. â€Å"My baby,† she screamed, and perhaps the gods heard, for as quick as that, Coh ollo was dead. Aggo's arrow took him under the arm, to pierce his lungs and heart. When at last Daenerys found the strength to raise her head, she saw the crowd dispersing, the Dothraki stealing silently back to their tents and sleeping mats. Some were saddling horses and riding off. The sun had set. Fires burned throughout the khalasar, great orange blazes that crackled with fury and spit embers at the sky. She tried to rise, and agony seized her and squeezed her like a giant's fist. The breath went out of her; it was all she could do to gasp. The sound of Mirri Maz Duur's voice was like a funeral dirge. Inside the tent, the shadows whirled. An arm went under her waist, and then Ser Jorah was lifting her off her feet. His face was sticky with blood, and Dany saw that half his ear was gone. She convulsed in his arms as the pain took her again, and heard the knight shouting for her handmaids to help him. Are they all so afraid? She knew the answer. Another pain grasped her, and Dany bit back a scream. It felt as if her son had a knife in each hand, as if he were hacking at her to cut his way out. â€Å"Doreah, curse you,† Ser Jorah roared. â€Å"Come here. Fetch the birthing women.† â€Å"They will not come. They say she is accursed.† â€Å"They'll come or I'll have their heads.† Doreah wept. â€Å"They are gone, my lord.† â€Å"The maegi,† someone else said. Was that Aggo? â€Å"Take her to the maegi.† No, Dany wanted to say, no, not that, you mustn't, but when she opened her mouth, a long wail of pain escaped, and the sweat broke over her skin. What was wrong with them, couldn't they see? Inside the tent the shapes were dancing, circling the brazier and the bloody bath, dark against the sandsilk, and some did not look human. She glimpsed the shadow of a great wolf, and another like a man wreathed in flames. â€Å"The Lamb Woman knows the secrets of the birthing bed,† Irri said. â€Å"She said so, I heard her.† â€Å"Yes,† Doreah agreed, â€Å"I heard her too.† No, she shouted, or perhaps she only thought it, for no whisper of sound escaped her lips. She was being carried. Her eyes opened to gaze up at a flat dead sky, black and bleak and starless. Please, no. The sound of Mirri Maz Duur's voice grew louder, until it filled the world. The shapes! she screamed. The dancers! Ser Jorah carried her inside the tent.

Composition Essay Samples How to Write about Napoleon Bonaparte

Composition Essay Samples How to Write about Napoleon Bonaparte How is it possible that Napoleon Bonaparte, the most feared man in Europe, ruler of France, the most powerful nation in Europe in the early 1800’s, could ever possibly be defeated? The answer lies not so much the in battles that he lost, but rather in the many internal struggles Napoleon faced. The Quadruple Alliance was a unified effort with allied nations against Napoleon: Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria. These four nations agreed to put an end to existing revolutions in Europe. This force of nations coming together to defeat Napoleon did not make things any easier for the French emperor, but by this time, Napoleon was already in decline. Throughout history, it is clear that a huge empire will eventually have many forces working against it. An example of this is nepotism, which was present throughout countries that Napoleon controlled, which led to weak rulers. This is present in Spain, where Napoleon appointed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte as ruler, revolt event ually led to war. Another reason that Napoleon was defeated was the strength of the British and their Navy. Since they controlled the seas, they also controlled trading. Personal weaknesses, sickness, along with French exhaustion, all lead to the fall of Napoleon. Obviously the Quadruple Alliance itself was not the deciding factor in Napoleon’s defeat. Great Britain alone was one of the strongest forces in the defeat of Napoleon. On land, Napoleon was successful against the British, but on sea the British, led by Admiral Horatio Nelson and his brilliant navel strategies, easily defeated the French Naval Forces. Great Britain also created the Orders of Council, which ordered neutral nations not to trade with France (World Book 116). This was much more effective than Napoleon’s Continental System because Great Britain controlled the seas. Napoleon had many problems that were unrelated to the Quadruple Alliance. When he issued the Decrees of Berlin and Milan, Portugal was not happy because they wanted to trade with Britain (Encarta CD-ROM). To subdue Portugal, French troops had to cross Spain. Soon troops were forced to occupy Spain as well as Portugal. When the Spanish revolted, Napoleon appointed his brother Joseph as Monarch. The Spanish found this to be very disrespectful to have a foreign ruler appointed, and thus fought w ith even greater passion and desire. Assisting the Spaniards in ultimately freeing themselves from Napoleon’s control was the English army under the command of Arthur Wellesley (Britannica 185). Wellesley was later made the Duke of Wellington, where he would take an even more drastic role in Napoleon’s defeat. This war with Spain, based on a rise of nationalism, was the beginning of the end for Napoleon. There were also many more problems with rebellions by Austria and Russia. Alexander I of Russia broke his Alliance with Napoleon, due to Russia’s failing economy. This lead to Napoleon suffering what is considered to be his worst defeat ever when he went to war with Russia. This defeat was largely due to the French being pushed by the Russians towards the torched city of Moscow. Here they froze, starved or were killed in battle. This defeat encouraged other countries to try for victory. Although allied nations did combine to inflict another defeat for Napoleon at the battle of Leipzig in 1813, it must be noted that the Quadruple Alliance was not officially established at this time and there were many other influences that led to Napoleon’s decline, completely unrelated to the unification of allied nations (Connections 501). Napoleon’s defeat at the Battle of Waterloo was not determined because of the Quadruple Alliance, but rather it was due to tactical mistakes on behalf of Napoleon. Napoleon made the mistake of entrusting his armies to inferior generals such as Ney, who had no real education, and Marshal Emmanuel de Grouchy, who lacked the charismatic spirit that Napoleon’s men needed before battle. He also made the mistake of underestimating his opponents. Napoleon’s health was also to blame for his defeat. At Waterloo he suffered an array of aliments such as stomach pains, and pneumonia (Encarta CD-ROM). His actions were lethargic; he was slow in issuing commands, and responding to messages. While Napoleon misjudged his opponents, Wellington did not. Wellington had fought against Napoleon before, and was a master of defensive tactics. Ney made many mistakes in the battle, his worst being sending his cavalry to attack hastily, unsupported by infantry (World Book 116). They were s laughtered within minutes. Despite the surprise attack by the Prussians and organization of the Quadruple Alliance helping defeat Napoleon at Waterloo, the British would still have defeated Napoleon due to his own personal doubts, faults and downfall. Powerful and prospering nations do not fall for one single reason. In many cases organized opposition steps up to the powerful nation only after that nation has internal struggles or conflicts. The Roman Empire fell because of many reasons, one being nepotism, which was also one of the reasons of Napoleon’s defeat. To be successful, countries need to have many well-qualified leaders, especially one as complicated as Napoleon’s vast empire. Hitler was also defeated due to many nations uniting together and also because of personal weaknesses and mistakes in strategy. Nations need to realize that they can only push their luck so far because there will most likely always be opposition. History shows that a nation that is based merely on the conquering of other nations will eventually fall to the mixture of rising opposition and internal problems. War is not a good foundation for a nation. A strong nation must develop a strong economy, one where peace and prosperity is more evident than war. If this is not so, the people will eventually become dissatisfied and begin to revolt. At the start of his reign, Napoleon stood for the beliefs of the French Revolution but his power and attention turned into conquering other nations. A nation seeking to conquer will not last, because there are simply too many powerful nations for one to rule all the rest. The world would start to realize that a nation built on the democratic principles of the United States of America would become more powerful with its strong economy than a nation always built on war. Peace is stronger than war. You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on Napoleon from our professional custom essay writing service which provides students with high-quality custom written papers on any topics.

Invariable French Adjectives

Invariable French Adjectives In French, adjectives normally have to agree with the nouns they modify in gender and number. However, there are numerous adjectives which dont agree - they have a single form that does not change to reflect the gender or number of the noun. These are called invariable adjectives. Invariable Color Adjectives French color adjectives derived from nouns, such as animals, flowers, fruits, gems, and metals, are usually invariable:amarante  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  amaranthine (dark purple-red)ardoise  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  slate-greyargent  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  silveraubergine  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  eggplantauburn  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  auburnbrique  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  brick-redcanari  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  canary yellowcaramel  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  caramel-coloredcarmin  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  carminecerise  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cherry redchair  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  flesh-coloredchampagne  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  champagnechocolat  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  chocolate-browncitron  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  lemon-yellowcrà ¨me  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cream-coloredemeraude  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  emerald greengrenat  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  garnetindigo  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  indigokaki  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  khakilavande  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  lavenderlilas  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  lilacmarine  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  navy bluemarron  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  brownnoisette  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  hazelocr e  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ochreolive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  olive-greenor  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  goldorange  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  orangepastel  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pastelpervenche  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  periwinklepie  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (magpie) - piebald, black and whitepistache  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pistachio-greenplatine  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  platinumprune  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  plumpuce  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (flea) - pucerouille  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  rust-coloredrubis  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ruby redsable  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  sandy, sand-coloredsafran  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  saffron-coloredsaphir  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  sapphire-bluesaumon  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  salmon-pinktabac  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  tobacco brownturquoise  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  turquoisevermillon  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  vermilionExceptions:   alezan (chestnut), fauve (tawny/fawn), incarnat (rosy), mauve, pourpre (crimson), rose (pink), vermeil (vermillion),and violet are variable according to the normal rules of agreement  chà ¢tain (chestnut brown) is semi-invariable - it usually agrees in number, but rarely in gender Multiple Colors When two or more colors describe a noun, they may or may not agree:1) If there are items of each individual color, the adjectives agree:   des drapeaux bleus, blancs, rouges - red, white, and blue flags (some are red, some are white, and some are blue)des chapeaux rouges et noirs - red and black hats (some are red and some are black) 2) If each item has all of the colors, the adjectives are invariable des drapeaux bleu, blanc, rouge - red, white, and blue flags (e.g., French flags)des chapeaux rouge et noir - red and black hats This is one instance where agreement is useful, because it gives you more detail than what is available in the English translation. Compound Colors When adjectives of color are modified by another adjective or a noun, the adjectives are invariable:une jupe gris clair  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  light gray skirtdes gants violet foncà ©Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  dark purple glovesune couleur rouge-orange  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  reddish-orange colordes yeux bleu-vert  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  blue-green eyesune voiture vert pomme  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  apple-green cardes fleurs rouge tomate  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  tomato-red flowers Adjectives Borrowed From Other Languages French adjectives borrowed from other languages are usually invariable:ad hoc  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ad hoca priori  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a prioriantitrust  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  anti-trustbaby  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  babybeat  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  beatnikcantilever  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cantilevercharter  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  chartercheap  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cheap  (poor quality)clean  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cleancool  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  coolcurriculum vitae  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  curriculum vitae, rà ©sumà ©dance  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  related to dance musicdesign  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  designerdestroy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  destroyed, trashed, wildexpress  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  related to espressofahrenheit  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fahrenheitfree-lance  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  freelancefun  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  funfunky  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  funkfurax  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  furiousglamour  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  glamorousgold  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  gold(en)gore  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  gorygratis  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  freegroggy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  groggyhalal  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  halal  (in accordance with sharia principles)hi-fi  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  hi-fihigh-tech  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  high-techhot  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  hot (jazz)kascher  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  kosher (in accordance with Judaic principles)kitsch  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  kitschindoor  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  indoorinuit  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inuitjazzy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  jazz, related to jazzkif-kif  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  same, identicalkitsch  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  kitschlambda  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  averge, typicallight  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  light, low in caloriesmarengo  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marengooffset  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  offsetoffshore  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  offshoreout  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  out  of touch, (tennis) outpeople  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  celebritypop  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pop  (music, art)pro forma  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pro formapunk  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  punkrecord  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  recordrelax  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  relaxed, informal, laid backrevolving  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  revolvingselect  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  select, high-clas s, poshsexy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  sexysnob  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  snobby, snobbishsolo  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  solosoul  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  soul  (music)sport  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  casual, athletic (clothes, shoes)spot  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (economics) spotstandard  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  standardstand-by  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  stand-bysterling  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (pound) sterlingtango  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  bright orangetop  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  great, besttrash  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  trashy, base, tastelessvaudou  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  voodoovidà ©o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  videowaterproof  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  waterproofzen  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Zen

Conclusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Conclusion - Essay Example Diverse factors provide the impetus for the formation of gangs. As a call to relieve poor living conditions and to uplift the social and economic status of the members, gangs begun to be involved in various criminal activities ranging from stealing, destruction of public property, selling drugs, physical abuse, gang related violence leading to injuries and death. If one is to remunerate on the reasons for gang affiliations, there could be elements that could identify root causes which pinpoint lack of parental support and guidance, lack of proper education which focus on the enforcement of moral and ethical codes of behavior, and the ineffective governance of the public police force to ultimately identify these gangs and to put a stop to violent activities. The statistics on gang murders indicate the complexity of the gangs’ affiliations and difficulty in attesting to the reliability of data and information published on their existence. The fact that gangs notorious existence are hidden and not officially registered in any local, public or private institution, the number of members, purpose for formation, and activities could only be surmised. The data that is generally available in justice reports are almost always after the fact that crimes and murders have already been committed.

Risk Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Risk Management - Research Paper Example It is vital to define the term â€Å"risk† before embarking on a discussion about managing risk. Generally, risk can be termed as the uncertainty over possible future deviations from the objectives of a given organization. Such deviation may be caused by certain events or circumstances whose consequences may be positive or negative (Hopkin, 2012 pp.14). Simply put, risk is anything that can potentially cause negative or positive effects on the implementation of established business objectives (Longenecker et.al, 2006 pp.463). Since corporate objectives are diverse in nature, there are many types of risks that a business may be forced to tackle. Types of risks There are different types of risks facing an organization, depending on the operations of the specific organization. Nonetheless, the following are a number of general risks that each and every business has to deal with in its normal operations: Hazard risks Hazard risks are the types of risks that only result in negative outcomes for the business. According to Hopkin (2012, pp.15) these are the types of risks that an organization faces during daily operations. ... Such risks are deliberate and the business invests in such risks in order to gain in future. Although opportunity risks are intended to bring about positive results, there is no guarantee that such results will always be positive. Most opportunity risks involve the financial aspects of the business and may entail; invest in equity shares, opening up new branches, producing new products, and moving to new locations (Sadgrove, 2005 pp.211). Control risks There are those types of risks that can be generalized as neither negative nor positive, in terms of the outcomes they give. Such risks give the business a certain level of uncertainty about the future and are mostly associated with the profit a certain project may bring to the business. Hopkin (2012, pp.17) states that an organization is forced to deal with the tentative effects of projected results versus the actual results. For example, an organization may start a project and somewhere in the middle, the project collapses or data an d records appertaining to such a project may get lost. Such events bring about negative outcomes, as opposed to what was expected of the project. Risk management Risk management involves identifying and analyzing the possible outcomes of future events to ensure that their impact will be favorable on the business. Accordingly, the impacts of negative events are minimized, while the potential positive events are maximized. In order to ensure the control over risk, any business needs to have clear goals for risk management. Goals of risk management Risk management aims at minimizing operational uncertainties and losses (Steinberg, 2011 pp.75). Risk management aims to protect the business from liability by focusing on